You
Don't Have to Wear That in Canada
The Hijab Experience
of Canadian Muslim Women
by Katherine Bullock
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The furor over the expulsion in 1995 of Quebec high school
students who refused to remove their head scarves, with some people declaring
the Hijab might not be considered proper “Canadian” dress, demonstrates
that the West has not yet transcended the negative stereotype of the oppressed,
veiled Muslim woman which has generated during the period of Western colonization
of the Middle East. Indeed Muslim women in the West are still discriminated
against based upon these myths. The aim of this paper is to bring the perspective
of some Muslim women who cover willingly into the debate over Hijab.
They Say, 'You Don't Have To Wear That In Canada'
Muslim women in Hijab are regularly told by Canadians
“This is Canada. You're free here. You don't have to wear that thing on
you head.” Nur, a university student, discovered one day that this view
of Hijab can lead people to be quite hostile. At university one
day, a woman angrily approached her, asking why Nur was dressed like that,
bringing herself so much attention, and bringing “backwardness” to Canada,
when feminists had worked so hard for the cause of women for the last twenty
years.
The Hijab Is A Commandment From God
When asked to explain why they covered, the women I interviewed
said they believed that in the Quran God commanded women to cover their
hair, and that Prophetic statements backed that up. For them, Hijab
symbolizes, not oppression or terrorism, as it does in mainstream Western
discourse, but “purity,” “modesty,” a “woman's Islamic identity,” and “obedience,
or submission to God and a testament that you're Muslim.” Halima, a convert
to Islam, adds that Hijab symbolizes “the woman's power to take
back her own dignity and her own sexuality.”
Hijab : Not a Result Of An 'Anti-Woman' Interpretation
The women I interviewed are aware of feminist arguments
that they are being duped by an anti-woman interpretation of the Quran.
However, they reject this suggestion, and in so doing demonstrate they
do not follow Quranic verses blindly. They have considered various interpretations
of the Quran, and chosen that which made most sense to them. They are not,
as conventional wisdom in the West suggests, duped women following the
dictates of men. They all believed that the Quranic verse asking women
to cover their hair is straightforward. Nadia captures the women's position
well: “I have to say that when I read the Ayah (verse) that says take your
headdress and put it over your bosom (Quran 4:30-31), it's pretty clear
to me that there is an assumption that you're wearing a head dress, and
that's part of the Islamic dress. I mean why didn't He [God] just say ‘wear
a high neck collar?’ {laughs} You know, if it was your bosom that was the
important thing then why wasn't there more stress on, um, you know put
a button in the top of your shirt, or something, I dunno. Or make sure
your bosom is covered, or um, that kind of thing.” Raneem, a convert to
Islam, added even if Hijab was just a cultural thing, “it's a good
thing to do.”
Why Do Muslim Women Wear Hijab and Not Men?
Westerners are often puzzled to see Muslim women covering
their bodies more than Muslim men do, and see that as a proof of the woman's
inferior status. Islam lays out a dress code for both male and female believers,
but the requirements for covering are different: a man is to cover from
navel to knee, and wear opaque, loose clothing (tight jeans are out of
the question); women cover more, everything but face and hands. All of
the women I interviewed believe that these differences are due to inherent
differences between men and women. They say that men are more easily turned
on sexually than are women. The point to covering is not that sexual attraction
is bad, only that it should be expressed between a husband and wife inside
the privacy of the home. A public space free of sexual tensions is seen
as a more harmonious and peaceful place for human beings, men and women,
to interact, do business, and build a healthy civilization.
Even Many Non-Muslim Men Seem To Respect Hijab
These women see Hijab as a benefit to society,
as a protection for women, and as a source of inner peace. Several women,
especially converts who started covering in their twenties, felt men, even
non-Muslim men, approached them more respectfully, did not try to flirt
with them or make “leering” comments, and treated them as ‘persons’ not
‘sex-objects.’ Halima also pointed out that male-female interactions were
based on more than just the clothes: Hijab is a mode of decorous
behaviour as well, “when you're covered, you're not going to be a flirtatious
person.”
Women Should Care How Their Dress Affects Men
My interviewees reject the feminist argument that women
should not care how their dress affects men. They reply that Muslim women
and men are brothers and sisters in faith, and find nothing wrong in helping
men practice their faith better. As Zainab, a convert to Islam, said: “women
have been exploited so much, and men make such silly fools of themselves
over women, that I really think it's a good thing for the men, that women
wear Hijab. Why encourage jealousy or envy or anything like that?
Why encourage the negative emotions?”
Male-Female Differences Not a Sign of Inequality
Many feminists argue that to believe in male-female differences
is to accede to women's oppression, because it is these differences which
have been used to stop women from realizing their potentials. The Muslim
women in the survey do not agree that believing in male-female differences
is to believe women and men are unequal. They all believed that men and
women are different, and that women and men are equal in Islam. For these
women, the principal definition of equality is how human beings are in
relation to God. The Quran unequivocally states that men and women are
equal in the eyes of God. Men and women were created from a single soul,
and are both the trustees of God on earth (Quran 2:30), individually responsible
and accountable for their actions. However, these women do not believe
that male-female differences include traditional western notions of men
being more rational or intelligent than women. In addition, the women were
not of the opinion that a woman's childbearing nature meant she could not
be in the work force, and nor did they believe that a man's duty to support
his family financially meant that he should not do household chores. The
women referred back to the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace and blessings be
upon him), who used to mend his clothes, sweep his house, and perform other
chores. The view that men and women have inherent differences is a source
of the conflicting understanding of women's position in Islam between the
West and my interviewees.
Equality Between Men And Women is Not Sameness
They argue that equality does not have to mean sameness,
and criticize western presumptions that if men and women are not doing
something in an identical manner they must be unequal. Nor do the women
believe that Hijab hinders their freedom, rather Hijab is
seen as a device to facilitate Muslim women's movements outside the home.
Nadia expresses the sentiment well: ”I kinda see [the Hijab] the
opposite way [from being a sign of constraint]. I kinda think that if you've
covered yourself Islamically, then there wouldn't be a reason for you to
stay home, I mean that was the whole point, that you've removed the attention
to yourself, so now you're out there to do your business, based on who
you are, I mean what you have to say and what you're going to contribute
and not what you look like, and that kind of thing.” The women argue that
the idea that Hijab means women should not go outside is contradicted
by the Sunnah of the Prophet: during his lifetime women were very actively
involved in the community, in business, in fighting wars, in scholarship
and so on.
Hijab Gives Women Self-Esteem
An aspect of Hijab that came through strongly in
the interviews was how wearing Hijab gives these women sources of
inner strength and a high level of confidence and self-esteem. For example,
men and women learn from an early age that women (all of them) are beautiful,
and this is the reason they cover. That message is good for women's self-esteem,
as well as for the way men think about women. The message compares favorably
to that of the West where we see anorexia and bulimia on the increase as
young women attempt to reach an unattainable ideal of female beauty.
Hijab Gives Women Inner Peace
Many women stressed how comfortable they felt wearing
Hijab,
how it made them feel good about themselves, and brought them a feeling
of inner “peace”. Ellen, a convert to Islam, stresses that in Hijab
she feels “like I am doing something to please God, you know....it makes
you feel good about yourself. You feel different in a good way, because
you're not exposing yourself and you know, you're not exposed to many things
like you would be if you're not covering.”
Discrimination Against Women Who Wear Hijab
Muslim women in the West who cover suffer daily indignities
from the people around them because of the way they dress. The Western
image that they are oppressed, or represent a terrorist religion makes
it difficult for them to be accepted easily by the Canadian community.
Because Islam is not well understood in the West, some converts also have
problems with their families, friends and colleagues about becoming Muslim
and about wearing Hijab. Other women face opposition from their
own (Muslim) families as well, in their decision to cover. This is because
in many Muslim countries, the West has been seen as the model to imitate
in order to ‘progress,’ and they tried to shed Islam and all that was associated
with it. Hijab is associated with something ‘backward,’ ‘low-class’
people do, or as something only old women do. Many see Hijab as
ugly and as reducing the chances for a young woman to get married. Muslims
who grow up in Canada often object to Hijab, taking on the Western
perception of the meaning of Hijab. Several of the women (born Muslim)
in this study had battled families in order to cover.
Some Positive Reactions To Hijab
And yet, many of the women I interviewed stressed that
overall they do not get too many hostile reactions and some of them also
experience positive reactions from non-Muslims. They think that Toronto
(Canada) is so multicultural that people are used to seeing all different
kinds of dress.
Bringing Up The Hijab Question When It's Not
Relevant
Sometimes Muslim women have problems with people in situations
where their identity is really irrelevant to the situation at hand. Zainab
has been a patient in a hospital and had her doctor tell her she should
not have embraced Islam because she became a “second class citizen.” He
asked her “don't you know how badly the women are treated in Islam?” Rania,
who is a doctor, finds sometimes patients will interrupt their visit to
her to ask her “Where is she from?” Or why is she “dressed like that?”
Rania said that she finds that “there's the time to explain and then there's
the time to just give a brief answer and go on to other things...I mean
you may look like a Muslim, but you have a job to do, and let's talk about
why you're here, and I'm the doctor and you're the patient okay?”
The Pressure To 'Look Canadian'
Given these kinds of negative reactions to Hijab,
it is not surprising that many Muslims try to hide their Islamic identity.
The pressure for Muslims to assimilate to the ways of the West is great.
Safiyah is under such pressure from her husband to “look Canadian”. He
did not seem to mind that she wore Hijab in Algeria, but in their
first six months in Canada, so many people stared at them, that he felt
uncomfortable with her in Hijab. Although the staring didn't bother
Safiyah, her husband has successfully pressured her to stop covering. The
women I interviewed referred to Canada as a multicultural and multi faith
society in a positive way, and appreciate the liberty and protection Canadian
law gave them to practice their religion as any other group can. They thought
as does Halima: “if Canada boasts you can practice your religious freedom
of thought and beliefs, if a woman believes she should wear her Hijab
why shouldn't she? She's not hurting anybody, I mean if people can go down
Yonge street [the main street in downtown Toronto] almost naked, why should
her putting a scarf on her head bother people, why should that upset somebody?”
Hijab Is A Respectable Thing
Muslim women want non-Muslims to think that Hijab
is a respectable thing, not degrading or “oppressive.” They like to be
seen just as an ordinary person who deserves to be respected. Raneem said,
“Just take me as I am you know, like they should accept me for who I am,
not for the way I look and that goes for everybody.” Halima was clear in
her views. She said, “I would like them to respect our choice and not exclude
women who wear Hijab from certain things [like] in Quebec [...]
I mean this is truly oppression, they say the woman is oppressed because
she's wearing the Hijab, but the true oppression is preventing somebody
from going to school because they have a scarf on their head, the larger
issue is we'd like everybody to know about Islam so more people would accept
it.” Sadia said her Hijab should tell others, “That I'm a Muslim,
so I want them to know that, I'm doing this because I'm obeying God, and
it's a free country and I can do what I want. And that I don't’ care if
I'm accepted by them or not, I'm going to do it anyway.”
Dr. Katherine Bullock, a convert
to Islam since 1994, was a doctoral candidate at the University of Toronto
when this article was originally published in the March/April 1998 issue
of Islamic Horizons magazine.
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